Now You're Talking, Stephen

Hundreds of aspiring young entrepreneurs will be able to contribute quickly to Canada’s economic recovery as a result of a $10 million grant to the Canadian Youth Business Foundation (CYBF) announced in today’s federal budget.
Stephen Harper's Conservative government recognizes the value of CYBF.
“Canada has no shortage of young people ready and willing to defy the current doom and gloom. This grant from the Government of Canada will let us increase dramatically the number of business start-ups that we can finance and support through our partners in more than 150 communities across the country,” said Vivian Prokop, CEO of the national charity.
“I would like to thank in particular Industry Canada, Industry Minister Tony Clement, and Minister of State for Small Business and Tourism Diane Ablonczy for their enthusiasm in nurturing a culture of entrepreneurship at a time when Canada needs it most.”
While access to business credit is tight and unemployment is rising, the demand for the CYBF’s financing and mentoring services continues to grow. The number of CYBF-funded start-ups from October 2008 through January 2009 was 68 percent higher than during the same period in 2007, and the Government of Canada’s investment will enable CYBF to meet this growing demand and accelerate its pace of lending.
An estimated 20,000 young people want to start businesses every year but find it difficult to obtain financing through traditional sources. CYBF offers an experienced volunteer mentor and a loan of up to $15,000 with no collateral. Qualified applicants can access a further $15,000 through a partnership with the Business Development Bank of Canada.
The one-year grant will provide much-needed stimulus in communities from coast to coast, enabling the launch of an estimated 800 new businesses within 5 years. Based on the performance of CYBF clients to date, these businesses will generate an estimated 5,000 new jobs, $135 million in sales revenue and $32 million in tax revenue within 5 years

Snapshot of Canada's 2009 Budget

Finance Minister Jim Flaherty delivered Canada’s 2009 federal budget earlier today on January 27, 2009. Members of the KPMG National Tax Centre attended the budget lock-up in Ottawa and have prepared a new edition of TaxNewsFlash-Canada summarizing the announced tax changes.
Thanks to Scott Tomenson, Wealth Management Consultant, for providing us with this link. Read.
Visit Scott at http://familywealthmanager.blogspot.com/

Business owners need private equity

Entrepreneurs and business owners would like Frank McKenna - the fellow who was put forward to head the Liberal Party, but who sadly declined.
I was at my Secret Handshake Bay Street Club - The Ticker Club - where Frank McKenna was the guest speaker and he blew the roof off with his dynamism. Coming from New Brunswick, Frank is prgamatic and gets the role of the manufacturing and other technology businesses in building a strong Canada.
He said, "We need to expand our thinking around innovation from just pumping oil to other countries. We need to be the best at the supporting manufacturing, equipment, technology and service busineses around oil. The same goes for forestry."
"Sounds great but the reality is tough. Many of those types of companies suggested by McKenna are potential clients for Loewen & Partners' services - raising capital for owner managed companies," says Jacoline Loewen, author of Money Magnet. "The problem is that these companies do need to get to be over $100M to survive in the global market. It is very difficult for these companies to do this on their own. Yet, many of these owners do not understand or trust private equity, their ideal partner to grow their companies."
http://www.moneymagnetbook.ca

$1 Trillion and Counting...

Astoundingly, and possibly incomprehensible to most, London based Private Equity Intelligence reported this month that Private Equity Funds raised the second highest level of annual funding in 2008.  Approximately $1 Trillion of capital is currently ready to be deployed.  Only a quarter of this was raised by large buy-out funds, though this amounts to $284.2 billion last year, about the size of Ireland's GDP.   The rest was raised by funds with other focuses, such as real estate funds ($153.5 billion) and funds focused on SMEs, 217 funds raised money in this category, the most of any other.  

However, this news may seem counterintuitive to the news released today, that 50,000 jobs were lost in the U.S. in one day.  Coping with the shock is likely on the mind of all of 50,000 newly minted unemployed.  However, to fund managers with bulging war chests, the wait is on to discover the bottom.  With asset prices falling, demand slumping, and credit inaccessible for most, fund managers are in a very comfortable position to deploy the tremendous amount of cash at their disposal at the plethora of deals not finding an investor right now.  The difficult part is finding the bottom.

A report in the Globe and Mail today suggests that the worst of the economic turmoil may now have passed.  The argument made by Allan Robinson is that Treasury yields have stabilized and have actually shown preliminary signs of rising (judge for yourself the significance of the the rise, but the decline seems to have stabilized...for now).  This means that investors are looking to move their money from out of the wing of the Treasuries and into, likely, investment grade corporate bonds.  This is significant because it means investors are beginning to trust the relative stability we are seeing right now.   

Of course, the economy is not going to recover overnight, but it is likely that by June the consensus amongst economists will be that we have turned the corner, and look to activity in the private equity market to lead the way, and likely significant deal activity to begin in half that time. 

Jack Welch blames the i-bankers

The major banks have taken the biggest hit from last year's financial crisis and they continue to feel the effects of it. The sheer numbers in terms of wealth destruction due to the ongoing de-leveraging process in the financial sector will blow your mind. Check out the financial rapidly dissolving value from a different perspective; thanks to a friend from JPMorgan who sent the above chart.

I was listening to a Businessweek podcast from Jack Welch, former CEO of GE, who said the banks used to be privately held with the result that the top executives - in the form of a Partnership - were lending their own money. They got the upside but they also got the downside.

Jack Welch says that if there is someone to blame for the financial mess, he would lay it at the front door of the i-bankers taking their companies public. Suddenly, they had access to other people's money to lend.

"This is like going to Vegas to gamble," says Welch. "If you get upside, you keep the gains but if you lose, well you come back and apologize."

Jack goes on to describe i-bankers coming to him at GE to invest in risky oil deals.

"If that had been their own money," says Jack, "They would not have risked it. They were looking for my deep balance sheet to take the hit for the risk."
Private equity will be coming into its own for exactly the reason Jack says - these are mostly privately held funds. The best funds will be those that risk the fund partners' money, not just yours. Otherwise, you can put your money back into the public market, but maybe you should head for Las Vegas instead.

Lending to Friends

Banks are not lending and owners of companies suffer.

Why is this not happening? If you could lend a $1M to an entrepreneur and get back that sum plus a measly 2% interest for your trouble, would you lend that amount of money with even a small risk that you might not get it back?

No, of course not.

So, for the Bank of Canada to keep cutting rates, it does not help capitalism that does need a healthy return for lending risk.

"At the moment, banks can borrow money at 0.25%," says Clemens Kownatzki, "But yet, they lend it out at 5.5% for a 30 year mortgage (rough average this week), if they lend at all. To me this is almost criminal and really calls for a complete elimination of the "middle man" i.e. the bank in between ultimate lender and the consumer."

Clemens suggests, "If a bank made poor decisions and took on too much risk, it should deal with the consequences. Instead of bailing out banks, governments should consider lending to the consumers directly. Eliminate the mortgage broker or mortgage bank altogether and give out a mortgage at 4% directly from lender to consumer, but obviously with reasonable down payments say 20% or higher."

"As the credit situation unfolds," says Jacoline Loewen, author of Money Magnet, "It does seem that governments may be favouring sectors and specific companies who seem to have the highest influence over elected officials. Paulson is such a case. It is whispered that he hated the head of Lehmann and that it was a personal decision to let the firm collapse."

Bum Rap for Gen Y

I have been thinking about this economy and if it will affect the work needs of the so-called most entitled generation ever – Generation Y or the Millennial – those born in the late 70’s onwards?
Many Baby Boomers will say, “Those kids need to learn it’s tough and you don’t get a trophy just for turning up for work. No one’s there to applaud and video their every step.”
What about my generation – the Baby Boomers – will our work needs change? Millennial might say, “They destroyed the environment, let greed override ethics and are maxing out the credit, leaving Millennials to pay the tab.”
With four generations working together, we need to get beyond this tired cycle of thinking your own generation is the best and you have to fix the others because they don’t have clue. How can we understand each generation in order to blend the best of our talents?
I put this question to a Millennial engineer, Michael Keenan, whose employer, Arcelormittal Dofasco Steel, is actively addressing the generational gap. “We look at the pivotal events during the formative years of each generation,” says Michael. “Once you understand each generation’s shared geography, cultural and economic environment and the impact on their needs, it is much easier to work together because you understand why they are different.”
Dofasco is using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to frame each generation’s work behaviour. Each level of needs must be fully satisfied before you can move up to the next level. First level of needs are the physical - which means having a full stomach, for example, or being comfortable. The next stage is the need for safety – to have a job, a home, a family and shared morality with your neighbours. For Canadian-raised Millenials, the luxury of growing up in the most peaceful and affluent time in Canada means that they can move past the safety level right up to esteem needs for recognition for their work and self motivation. They can even reach self actualization which is the need for self governance and the bigger issues of society like justice or peace. Since up until the economic melt down, Millennial have not been afraid for their jobs, they have enjoyed the space to explore these higher level needs.
Hollywood movies help us to put ourselves in those first twenty years of other generations and the early life experiences which shaped the rest of their lives. When supporting actors from the World War II movie Defiance talked about how miserable it got while filming in the forests of Lithuania, you know this is Generation X and The Millennial speaking about their work. It would be tough to imagine John Wayne complaining about the hardships of his movie location. Yet, on the other hand, these young actors are far more nuanced about the deep meaning of their movie and able to probe and question.
Now imagine if you were in that forest and hungry too, with real soldiers with real guns hunting for you. Even snuggled up next to Daniel Craig, smoothing back your hair and letting you check out his bikini briefs – you may find your needs are not so much about having a house with a white marble kitchen or a job that follows your dreams or even the rules of the Geneva Convention. You are at the bottom of Maslow’s hierarchy and after such a trauma, you would be grateful for any darn house, a solid job and you would faithfully work for the boss without question.
Baby Boomer journalist, Tom Brockaw, called people raised during the war “The Greatest Generation” which may sound like overblown hyperbole to Generation Xers and Millennials as they look at Grandfather slumped in his armchair. But WW II is within the memory of humans living today and I meet many of them still working, running poultry, transportation, construction companies, as well as law and finance firms.
In extraordinary contrast, Canadian born Millennial had no war, no fear for their lives, for their family, for their neighbours turning on them or their country being taken by force. Since parents may be funding their lives, they have the luxury of moving way up Maslow’s hierarchy of needs past the Baby Boomers’ level of social needs, to the esteem set of needs and for some, even to self actualization. It is not a surprise then that Millennial in the workplace have smaller social distance between others and have little fear of authority or of others. It is a great place to be.
Companies can benefit if they understand this level of needs. Boomers, once they get this, tap into Millennia’s energy which is team-based and seeking to be the best.
The Millennials I meet are in the finance industry and are exciting because they do question, can hold a range of views not just black and white, pick up work to do on their own initiative and for their own career development. This Canadian generation thinks globally, questions social issues, are challenging, want a balanced life but are there when the work needs to get done by midnight. I may have a slanted view but I think calling Millenials Most Entitled Generation gives them a bum rap.
In sum, it certainly helps me to understand work behaviour by using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and to see how each generation’s context was completely different. It helps explain a great deal. I know I will be able to work together with more purpose. What do you think?
[1] http://www.abraham-maslow.com/m_motivation/Hierarchy_of_Needs.asp
[2] http://www.amazon.com/Greatest-Generation-Tom-Brokaw/dp/0375502025

Private Equity Increasingly the Place to Go for Money

At 12:32 PM, George and Laura Bush will take their last helicopter ride away from Capital Hill by helicopter. Already, approximately 2 million people have converged on Washington to witness this historic moment when power gets handed over to Obama. The Americans know how to do their pomp and pageantry well, but when tomorrow comes, Barack Obama will have some heavy lifting to do with two wars and a crisis not seen since the Great Depression.
The banking black hole is far from over. NYU Professor Nouriel Roubini who bet his career describing the reason for a poor outcome for the U.S. housing market and outlined that U.S. financial losses from the credit crisis could reach U$3.6 trillion, half by banks and brokers dealers. Roubini says, "If that's true, it means the U.S. banking system is effectively insolvent because it starts with capital of U$1.4 trillion. This is a systemic banking crisis…In Europe it's the same thing."

In the New York Times, economist and Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman wrote that many U.S. financial institutions, "are already wards of the state, utterly dependent on taxpayer support; but nobody wants to recognize that fact and implement the obvious solution: an explicit, though temporary, government takeover."
Former Securities and Exchange Commission head, Arthur Levitt echoed that view saying we are witnessing a "slow but inevitable nationalization…we will see it and see it soon."

The U.K. is already well down that road.
Yesterday the government announced it was converting its Royal Bank of Scotland preferred shares into ordinary shares, potentially increasing its stake to 70%. They U.K. government also has a 43% stake in the combined Lloyds TSB and HBOS. Shares of Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) fell almost 70% yesterday on the news. RBS also said it does not expect to pay a dividend on its ordinary shares this year.

While Canadian Banks are not in the same position, Canadian Bank stocks are lower on this news this morning. The banks will be under extreme pressure, making it a difficult time to get money.

"For smart business owners wanting capital to take advantage of this econmy by buying competitors or cheap assets," says Jacoline Loewen, author of Money Magnet, "Increasingly, the private sector will be the place to go for money. This money will be different from banks - it will work with entrepreneurs to build competitive Canadian businesses that will not be eaten for lunch by global competitors."

Ben Bernanke's Beard

Ben Bernanke and his beard have been working like dogs lately to pump out over a trillion dollars and save ourselves from a recession.  These extreme measures should be no surprise to many, he was hailed as a radical by The New Yorker long before he assumed his current responsibilities, but you can't be blamed for thinking he was just another boring bureaucrat keen on never rocking the boat.  Many have been fooled by that beard, the looks of which give the impression of a highly meticulous, erudite man that very likely wears inappropriate swimwear to the pool (I don't know Ben, I'm just guessing).  His current monetary policy is certainly radical but time will tell if his decision to print and pump trillions of dollars into the economy will have him hailed as an equal to the world's bearded legends (Lincoln, Karl Marx, 'Macho Man' Randy Savage, etc) or a pariah with whiskers.

There are two opposing opinions in response to his monetary policy; those who support the Fed and those who are wary of the consequences.  If you are seriously concerned about a difficult, painful recession (and possibly depression), then you are likely to agree with the amount of 'new' money being pumped into the system.  However, others who believe that the world isn't headed for so much gloom are concerned with the impending economic implications of increasing the money supply at a seemingly unrestrained rate, such as problems with high inflation and a crash of the U.S. dollar.

It's not a little bit of extra pocket change either, it's bags of it.  Even relative to what has been printed in the past, it is an astounding amount of money.  The chart below illustrates, essentially, the U.S. monetary base since the Second World War.  

That's right....vertical.  

As a result of all this money filtering into the market through vehicles like the $700 billion bailout package, a T-bill 'bubble' has been created.  T-Bills are attractive right now for a variety of reasons, but mainly because they are liquid, big, and you are guaranteed not to lose your money.  The government pledges the bond will be payed back to you and as a 'thank you', depending on what you paid for it, they include a little return for good measure.

These days, the returns have almost entirely been wiped out of the bonds, the 2 year U.S. T-Bill, for example, is yielding around  0.70% right now, as opposed to almost 2% 9 months ago.  That's minuscule.  The reason for this, of course, is that investors are chasing the T-Bill's security, which has driven the prices up, and dropped the yields.  Some may argue that the price is artificially high, or unsupportable, and is driven by all the 'new' money being pumped out by the federal presses, hence a 'bubble'.  However, it's not actually a bubble since the U.S. government is unlikely to default on its obligations, and everyone is virtually guaranteed to receive at least the face value of the bond at the end of their terms.  Ultimately though, these prices indicate that once investors feel there is some stability in the market and it is safe to come out from under the wing of the T-Bills, there will be high inflation and the U.S. dollar will fall. 

So, for those that find themselves intoxicated with Ben Bernanke's beard and current monetary policy, they should really think to restrain this unbridled love affair.  We only need to look at history to see how things may wind up.  In 2004, Alan Greenspan did much of the same as his successor to spurn the crash after the tech bubble burst.  A lot of the money that was produced by the Federal Reserve was loaned out to credit-worthy people who wanted homes, and when all of those people had been satisfied and there was still money left in the coffers, the non-credit worthy people received loans.  It turns out, people with bad credit don't usually pay their bills on time, some not at all.  

If his decision to churn out so much money does eventually result in a huge loss in the dollar and  $150 oil, high food prices, and other forms of painful inflation, the beard may be the only respectable thing left.  

Light at the End of the Tunnel

The first morsel of light poked through the darkness today.  It was reported on CFO.com that the bond market is showing signs of thaw.  According to the article, a "number of energy companies this week tapped the slowly thawing fixed-income market."  One such company, Nabors Industries Inc., an offshore and onshore drilling company, raised $1.125 billion in senior unsecured notes due in 2019.  What is encouraging is that the coupon rate is 9.25% while the bond is expected to yield 6.76%, impying the bond is priced at a premium.  

What is also remarkable is that the company was downgraded to a BBB-plus rating from an A-minus as a result of the added debt, meaning that this company was able raise a significant amount of capital at a premium price while being considered a lower-medium investment grade.  This was just one example among a number of others that have been able to tap into the bond market at premiums over par though not being considered high investment grade.   

These are promising developments, though by no means sure signs of relief, they do indicate that there is appetite in the market.  It should be noted that these are striclty energy companies, which generate revenue from a commodity that has a price right now that is unanimously considered to be poised for significant appreciation, namely oil.   But what is encouraging is that there are pockets of optimism brewing.  

 

Has Manufacturing and Engineering Lost Value?

Tom Peters posted an inspiring post on the value of the well-engineered hammer. He could not resist buying the one in this photograph. Reading Tom's comment section, I noted that a person called "ZED" wrote that that being a scientist or engineer has lost its value in North America.

I agreed and noted that "my two teenagers (who are heading towards engineering) tell me that the general comment by his peers are that those are Asian jobs and are being offshored to Asia. One of my teens is the only one in advanced math who is not Asian, but he tells me it's because of parenting. The hammer reminded me of Clint Eastwood's new movie, Gran Torino, where Clint's character teaches a second generation immigrant the American value of getting out the hammer and fixing up your home, your neighbour's home and getting a job. Just as Tom Peters discusses, it all comes back to that hammer. It's not fancy but it's work - decent hard work. It also makes me wonder when I read Daniel Pink who tells people that the engineers at his university were not loving their school work. Pink says to do what you love and if it's not making you happy all the time, don't do it. I really question that. Seems self indulgent."
Posted by Jacoline Loewen at January 5, 2009 9:54 AM

Tom Peters (my hero) responded:
I don't want to get in the middle of this, but beware apples and oranges. The Chinese are turning out engineers by the bushel. Or are they? A McKinsey Institute study last year claimed that some-many-most Chinese graduate engineers would not be accepted for engineering jobs in the U.S., EU, Japan, Korea, etc. At this point at least, many of the so-called engineering grads are holding what we might call a technician's certificate. Part of this is attributed to state control of curricula. Again, not my area of expertise.

Apples and oranges II.

Swedes, I just read, are horrified at the recent precipitous drop in math-science test scores. Most of it may come from a rapidly increasing immigrant population not as well prepared for school as the natives. For a long time, probably today, much of the U.S. SAT gap could be explained by the fact that everybody of age in the U.S. is encouraged to take the test--it's restricted to the educational elite in many countries.

Posted by tom peters at January 5, 2009 12:39 PM

Tax Cuts for Business Owners

Not to dwell on the past, but Bloomberg estimates that $30 trillion was erased from public equity markets worldwide last year. And Tunisia was the only market out of 69 in MSCI Inc. indexes that increased in 2008. 28 national benchmarks lost more than half their value, led by the 67% drop in Russia's Micex index, a 66% drop in China's CSI 300 Index and a 52% decline in India's Sensex Index. The U.K.'s FTSE 100 Index posted the smallest decline among the word's 20 largest markets falling 31%, and on a bright point - I believe that the TSX was second with a decline of 35% on an absolute basis.
"If there is something positive this early in January 2009," says Jacoline Loewen, author of Money Magnet and partner at Loewen & Partners, "It would be that the market continues to welcome actions taken by President elect Barack Obama who will be sworn in on Tuesday January 20."
Obama's stimulus package appears to be a mix between spending (to appeal to Democrats) and tax cuts (to appeal to Republicans). The funny thing about putting together such a large package is that it's really hard to find $800 billion worth of stuff to spend on that will be immediately stimulative to the economy; hence another reason perhaps that Mr. Obama is leaning more towards tax cuts.

PIPEs

According to Ron Burgundy, the "only way to bag a classy lady is to give her two tickets to the gun show, and see if she likes the goods".  Any red-blooded male would agree with Ron, but I'm not about to talk about those sorts of "pipes".

PIPEs, or private investment in public equities are beginning to come to the forefront of private equity investment strategy.  With the access to debt shut off and the amount of capital under management (or "dry powder") growing ever more restless, private equity fund managers are simply becoming more creative in their pursuit of returns.  Rather than pursuing the leverage buyout model, its fall from grace having been extensively documented, private equity funds are pursuing new models.  When the the sexy investment banks were de-robeing last summer for all of us to see what lay underneath their sophisticated Gucci credit default swaps and Prada securitized loan obligations we found a dumpy-looking pair of underpants from Writedowns Inc. The writedowns from Merril Lych, Citigroup, and the family on Wall Street offered a tremendous amount of discounted debt in the market.  Private equity funds bought this up.  

Since then the public markets have lost half their value, also, public listings have come to a standstill.  In Q3 of 2008, there were zero IPOs in the Toronto Stock Exchange.  Apparently, there is no appetite for private companies to see half of their value lost in a matter of weeks upon listing.  However, public companies looking to raise some funds are still able to do so, but from private equity funds.

Private investments in public equity (PIPEs) have picked up beginning at the end of last year according to this article in the Globe and Mail.  This is not news to those operating in the private equity space as this is becoming an increasingly active market to operate in, but it is a testament to the adaptable nature of private equity flexing its intelectual capital to generate returns from their "dry powder" when others spout on about the doom that lay ahead.  

6 Surprises of Transition Management

Transitions of leaders in businesses can be surprising, especially for the new leader. Here are the common surprises new CEOs face, and how to tell when adjustments are necessary.
Surprise One: You Can't Run the Company
Warning signs:
You are in too many meetings and involved in too many tactical discussions.
There are too many days when you feel as though you have lost control over your time.
Surprise Two: Giving Orders is Very Costly
Warning signs:
You have become the bottleneck.
Employees are overly inclined to consult you before they act.
People start using your name to endorse things, as in "Frank says…"
Surprise Three: It Is Hard To Know What Is Really Going On
Warning signs:
You keep hearing things that surprise you.
You learn about events after the fact.
You hear concerns and dissenting views through the grapevine rather than directly.

To read more
Transition within companies is the most important time to reap wealth for your hard work. Loewen & Partners advises owners on how to get the most value out of their businesses.

the 7 habits of inefficient markets

What is the market up to? I get to listen to the market, or at least a fairly large part of it, as I belong to a finance club with Bay Street's smartest money guys. Collectively they control several billion Canadian dollars, so when they talk, I listen. Over the last five years, since I joined, I have listened to leaders of public companies, owners of private companies, stock promoters, investors and many more. Yet few of these people spoke about the big crash coming up in 2008.
As we leave the decade of the "Naughts" and wrap up lessons learnt about markets in the past ten years, I realize that even this club of such smart men and women followed the markets off the cliff in 2008. What were they thinking?
Back in 2007, Paul Krugman summarized the seven habits that help produce the anything-but-efficient markets that rule the world. I thought a great way to begin the next decade would be a quick review of these:
Seven habits that help produce the anything-but-efficient markets:
1. Think short term. 
2. Be greedy. 
3. Believe in the greater fool 
4. Run with the herd. 
5. Overgeneralize 
6. Be trendy 
7. Play with other people's money 
I got these 7 habits courtesy of Paul Krugman, quoted in Fortune back in 2007. Worth contemplating.
Jacoline Loewen, author, writer, and expert in private equity.

Private Equity interested in good companies

The credit markets are changing.
Banks may not be lending but private equity has cash for owners of businesses looking for growth capital. Watch Toronto's BNN's Squeezeplay as they chat with Jacoline Loewen, author of Money Magnet
http://watch.bnn.ca/squeezeplay/december-2008/squeezeplay-december-30-2008/#clip125488

For more information:
http://www.moneymagnetbook.ca

It's that time of year again, forecast 2009

As the new year begins, so do the market forecast sessions. I will be attending the Toronto Bay Street Ticker Club forecast dinner this week, and this past year unfolded in a very different path from the one described at last year's dinner. It gives everyone comfort that even the best analysts did not see the level of the crisis - we all are in this together.
One bright light is the 2009 forecast by Niall Ferguson in National Times. It may bring you some joy in the New Year. Here's a sample:
"Many commentators had warned in 2008 that the financial crisis would be the final nail in the coffin of American credibility around the world. First, neo-conservatism had been discredited in Iraq. Now the “Washington consensus” on free markets had collapsed. Yet this was to overlook two things. The first was that most other economic systems fared even worse than America’s when the crisis struck: the country’s fiercest critics – Russia, Venezuela – fell flattest. The
second was the enormous boost to America’s international reputation that followed Obama’s inauguration. "